Nebular theory, Crossing star theory, Modern theory, Solar telescope and Hubble telescope
The continuous expansion of cosmic space is due to the movement of galaxies apart, Planets revolving around the Sun in fixed orbits, and the stability of the Earth rotation in an orbit around the Sun due to the Sun gravity, There are many scientific and philosophical theories about the evolution of the solar system, They are about twenty theories, and they are still unproved & subjected to change.
The Nebular theory: [Laplace 1796]
In 1796, the French scientist Pierre Simon Laplace published research entitled World Order, This research included a perception of Laplace about the evolution of the solar system, This perception has been affected by two observations, which are:
- There are clouds or nebula in space.
- Space contains many cloudy rings surrounding some planets such as the rings of Saturn planet.
Assumptions of Nebular Theory
It assumed that the origin of the solar system was the nebula, and the three phases of nebular theory:
- The contraction of the nebula (gaseous sphere): The solar system originated from a glowing gaseous sphere revolving around itself, this sphere is called a nebula. Over time, the nebula lost its heat gradually, so its size contracted and its revolving speed around itself (its axis) increased.
- Formation of the gaseous rings: The centrifugal force arising from the rotation of the nebula around its axis led to the nebula losing its spherical shape and became in a form of a flat rotating disk, and the separation of parts of the nebula in the form of gaseous rings, that also rotate around the remaining flaming mass and in the same direction.
- Formation of the solar system: The gaseous rings cooled down and froze forming the planets of the solar system, while the flaming mass that remained in the centre formed the “Sun“.
Nebula is a glowing gaseous sphere revolving around itself, from which the solar system originated. The nebula lost its sphere form and became in a form of a flat rotating disk due to the effect of centrifugal force that resulted from the rotation of the nebula around itself.
The Crossing Star Theory: [Chamberlain and Moulton 1905)
Assumptions of the crossing star theory: It assumed that the origin of the solar system was a big star which is the Sun.
- Another huge star (crossing stars) approached the Sun, and the star attracted the Sun to it, leading to a great expansion in the part of the Sun-facing it.
- The expanded part from the Sun was exploded leading to: The Sun escaped from the gravity of that star, A gaseous line was formed of a great length from the Sun until the last planets (which will be formed later), the gaseous line started to condense due to the attraction force, then it cooled forming the planets.
The Sun escaped from the gravity of the huge star in the crossing star theory due to the explosion in the expanded part of the Sun that faces the huge star.
Modern theory of the world: [ Fred Hoyle 1944]
Fred Hoyle builds his theory on the origin of the solar system on the basis of a well-known astronomical phenomenon known as the Stars explosion phenomenon.
Stars explosion phenomenon
Glowing a star for a short time to become one of the most shining stars in the sky, then its glowing disappears gradually to return as it was. The interpretation of this phenomenon is not known specifically until now, the following is an attempt to interpret this phenomenon:
- Sudden violent nuclear reactions occur within the star which led to its explosion.
- The star bombs huge amounts of gaseous materials as a result of this explosion which led to increasing its size and its shining.
- When the bombed gases are cooled, the shining of the star returned as it was.
Assumptions of modern theory (Fred Hoyle)
It assumed that the origin of the solar system was a star rather than the Sun.
- A star was rotating near the Sun, and the star exploded due to huge nuclear reactions, The force of the explosion led to the bombing of the star’s nucleus away from the gravity of the Sun, and a gaseous cloud from this star remained around the Sun.
- The gaseous cloud is subjected to cooling and contraction processes forming the matter of planets, then the attraction force of the Sun controlled the orbits of planets around it.
The explosion of some stars suddenly due to the occurrence of sudden and violent nuclear reactions.
Important instruments to study outer space
The solar telescope
Astronomers use special equipment centered on the Earth as the solar telescope to study the Sun, or carried into space as Hubble telescope.
Importance of solar telescope: It forms a complete picture of the Sun.
How does the solar telescope work…?
- It works on reflecting the Sun rays downward to a concave mirror in a tunnel under the Earth’s surface, The sunlight is gathered, then separated into a solar spectrum by the spectrometer (this shows the different light wavelengths emitted by the Sun).
- A complete picture of the Sun is formed in a monitoring room where astronomers can study its light, Astronomers got most of their information about the Sun from the study of its spectra.
The Hubble telescope
The Hubble telescope was launched in April in 1990, and it rotates around the Earth at a height of 500 km.
Importance of Hubble telescope
It collects photos of the universe that give us details about its state since millions of years, these photos give astronomers an opportunity to study the evolution of the universe after the Big Bang.
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Universe, Galaxies, Milky Way galaxy, Solar System, Origin of Universe & Stages of Big Bang
Stars, Galaxies, Solar system, Planets, Moons, Asteroids, Meteors, Meteorites & Comets
Fundamental Forces in nature, Gravitational forces, Electromagnetic forces & Nuclear forces
